A mathematical model with nonlinear relapse: conditions for a forward-backward bifurcation

Abstract

We constructed a Susceptible-Addicted-Reformed model and explored the dynamics of nonlinear relapse in the Reformed population. The transition from susceptible considered {\it at-risk} is modeled using a strictly decreasing general function, mimicking an influential factor that reduces the flow into the addicted class. The {\it basic reproductive number} is computed. Furthermore, $R_0$ determines the local asymptotically stability of the addicted-free equilibrium. Conditions for a forward-backward bifurcation were established using $R_0$ and other threshold quantities. A stochastic version of the model is presented, and some numerical examples are shown. Results showed that the influence of the temporarily reformed individuals is highly sensitive to the initial addicted population.