Deflection angle, quasinormal modes and optical properties of a de Sitter black hole in $f(\mathcal{T}, \mathcal{B})$ gravity

Abstract

The current study aims to examine the impact of the boundary term on the bending angle of light for a static spherically symmetric black hole in the modified gravity described by the $f(\mathcal{T}, \mathcal{B})$ function. To accomplish this objective, we employ the Ishihara \textit{et al.}~method, which enables us to compute the deflection angle of light for a receiver and source situated at finite distances from a lens object in a non-asymptotically flat spacetime. This method considers the receiver's viewpoint, and the resulting deflection angle diverges as the distance from the lens object increases, owing to the non-asymptotically flat spacetime. Nevertheless, the divergence can be regulated by the boundary term parameter $c_0$. For lower values of the parameter $c_0$, the divergence can be minimized within the finite range of the observer and source. Furthermore, we calculate the quasinormal modes of massless scalar perturbations in the black hole's background using the asymptotic iteration method (AIM) and Pad\'e averaged sixth-order Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) approximation method. Our findings indicate that the real quasinormal modes and damping rates are significantly impacted by the model parameter $c_0$. Subsequently, we investigate two optical characteristics of the black hole, namely the shadow and the emission rate. Our results show that with an increase in the boundary term parameter $c_0$, the shadow's size increases, and the evaporation rate decreases.