Investigating dark energy by electromagnetic frequency shifts II: the Pantheon+ sample

Abstract

Following results presented in Spallicci et al. (Eur Phys J Plus 137, 2022) by the same authors, we investigate the observed red shift $z$, working under the hypothesis that it might be composed by the expansion red shift $z_{\rm C}$ and an additional frequency shift $z_{\rm S}$, towards the red or the blue, due to Extended Theories of Electromagnetism (ETE). We have tested this prediction considering the novel Pantheon+ Catalogue, composed by 1701 light curves collected by 1550 SNe Ia, and 16 BAO data, for different cosmological models characterised by the absence of a dark energy component. In particular, we shall derive which values of $z_{\rm S}$ match the observations, comparing the new results with the ones obtained considering the older Pantheon Catalogue. We find interesting differences in the resulting $z_{\rm S}$ distributions, highlighted in the text. Later, we also add a discussion regarding Extended Theories of Gravity and how to incorporate them in our methodology.