Analogue black-white hole solitons in travelling wave parametric amplifiers with superconducting nonlinear asymmetric inductive elements

Abstract

We show that existing travelling wave parametric amplifier (TWPA) setups, using superconducting nonlinear asymmetric inductive elements (SNAILs), admit soliton solutions that act as analogue event horizons. The SNAIL-TWPA circuit dynamics are described by the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) or modified Korteweg-de Vries (mKdV) equations in the continuum field approximation, depending on the external magnetic flux bias, and validated numerically. The soliton spatially modulates the velocity for weak probes, resulting in the effective realization of analogue black hole and white hole event horizon pairs. The SNAIL external magnetic flux bias tunability facilitates a three-wave mixing process, which enhances the prospects for observing Hawking photon radiation.