Experimental demonstration of a magnetically induced warping transition in a topological insulator mediated by rare-earth surface dopants

Abstract

Magnetic topological insulators (MTI) constitute a novel class of materials where the topologically protected band structure coexists with long-range ferromagnetic order, which can lead to the breaking of time-reversal symmetry (TRS), introducing a bandgap in the Dirac cone-shaped topological surface state (TSS). The gap opening in MITs has been predicted to be accompanied by a distortion in the TSS, evolving its warped shape from hexagonal to trigonal. In this work, we demonstrate such a transition by means of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy after the deposition of low concentrations of magnetic rare earths, namely Er and Dy, on the ternary three-dimensional prototypical topological insulator Bi$_2$Se$_2$Te. Signatures of the gap opening occurring as a consequence of the TRS breaking have also been observed, whose existence is supported by the observation of the aforementioned transition. Moreover, increasing the Er coverage results in a tunable p-type doping of the TSS. As a consequence, the Fermi level (E$_{\textrm{F}}$) of our Bi$_2$Se$_2$Te crystals can be gradually tuned towards the TSS Dirac point, and therefore to the magnetically induced bandgap; thus fulfilling two of the necessary prerequisites for the realization of the quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE) in this system. The experimental results are rationalized by a theoretical model where a magnetic Zeeman out-of-plane term is introduced in the hamiltonian governing the TSS band dispersion. Our results offer new strategies to control magnetic interactions with TSSs based on a simple approach and open up viable routes for the realization of the QAHE.