Dramatic enhancement of visible-light absorption in TiO2 by adding Bi

Abstract

TiO2 is a wide band-gap semiconductor that has been intensively investigated for photocatalysis and water-spiting. However, weak light absorption in the visible region of the spectrum poses stringent limitation to its practical application. Doping of TiO2 with N or transition-metal impurities has been explored to shift the onset of optical absorption to the visible region, yet with limited success. Based on hybrid density functional calculations, we propose adding Bi to TiO2, in the form of dilute Ti_(1-x)Bi_(x)O2 alloys, to efficiently shift the optical absorption to the visible region. Compared to N, Bi introduces an intermediate valence band that is significantly higher in the band gap, and leaves the conduction band almost unchanged, leading to a remarkable redshift in the absorption coefficient to cover almost all the visible-light spectrum. Comparing formation enthalpies, our results show that adding Bi costs significantly less energy than N in oxidizing conditions, and that Ti_(1-x)Bi_(x)O2 might make a much more efficient photocatalyst than TiO_(2-y)N_(y) for water splitting.