Sedimentation of particles with very small inertia I: Convergence to the transport-Stokes equation

Abstract

We consider the sedimentation of $N$ spherical particles with identical radii $R$ in a Stokes flow in $\mathbb R^3$. The particles satisfy a no-slip boundary condition and are subject to constant gravity. The dynamics of the particles is modeled by Newton's law but with very small particle inertia as $N$ tends to infinity and $R$ to $0$. In a mean-field scaling, we show that the particle evolution is well approximated by the transport-Stokes system which has been derived previously as the mean-field limit of inertialess particles. In particular this justifies to neglect the particle inertia in the microscopic system, which is a typical modelling assumption in this and related contexts. The proof is based on a relative energy argument that exploits the coercivity of the particle forces with respect to the particle velocities in a Stokes flow. We combine this with an adaptation of Hauray's method for mean-field limits to $2$-Wasserstein distances. Moreover, in order to control the minimal distance between particles, we prove a representation of the particle forces. This representation makes the heuristic \enquote{Stokes law} rigorous that the force on each particle is proportional to the difference of the velocity of the individual particle and the mean-field fluid velocity generated by the other particles.