Heating and Cooling are Fundamentally Asymmetric and Evolve Along Distinct Pathways

Abstract

According to conventional wisdom, a system placed in an environment with a different temperature tends to relax to the temperature of the latter, mediated by the flows of heat and/or matter that are set solely by the temperature difference. It is becoming clear, however, that thermal relaxation is much more intricate when temperature changes push the system far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Interestingly, under such conditions heating was predicted to be faster than cooling, which we experimentally confirm using an optically trapped colloidal particle. More strikingly, we show with both experiments and theory that between any pair of temperatures, heating is not only faster than cooling but the respective processes in fact evolve along fundamentally distinct pathways, which we explain with a new theoretical framework we coin "thermal kinematics".