SU(2) Symmetry of Coherent Photons and Application to Poincar\'e Rotator

Abstract

Lie algebra is a hidden mathematical structure behind various quantum systems realised in nature. Here, we consider $SU(2)$ wavefunctions for polarisation states of coherent photons emitted from a laser source, and discuss the relationship to spin expectation values with SO(3) symmetry based on isomorphism theorems. In particular, we found rotated half-wave-plates correspond to mirror reflections in the Poincar\'e sphere, which do not form a subgroup in the projected O(2) plane due to anti-hermitian property. This could be overcome experimentally by preparing another half-wave-plate to realise a pristine rotator in $SU(2)$, which allows arbitrary rotation angles determined by the physical rotation. By combining another 2 quarter-wave-plates, we could also construct a genuine phase-shifter, thus, realising passive control over the full Poincar\'e sphere.