Deep learning empowered synthetic dimension dynamics: morphing of light into topological modes

Abstract

Synthetic dimensions (SDs) opened the door for exploring previously inaccessible phenomena in high-dimensional synthetic space. However, construction of synthetic lattices with desired coupling properties is a challenging and unintuitive task, largely limiting the exploration and current application of SD dynamics. Here, we overcome this challenge by using deep learning artificial neural networks (ANNs) to validly design the dynamics in SDs. We use ANNs to construct a lattice in real space that has a predesigned spectrum of mode eigenvalues. By employing judiciously chosen perturbations (wiggling of waveguides), we show experimentally and theoretically resonant mode coupling and tailored dynamics in SDs, which leads to effective transport or confinement of a complex beam profile. As an enlightening example, we demonstrate morphing of light into a topologically protected edge mode in ANN-designed Su-Schrieffer-Heeger photonic lattices. Such ANN-assisted construction of SDs advances towards utopian networks, opening new avenues in fundamental research beyond geometric limitations. Our findings may offer a flexible and efficient solution for mode lasing, optical switching, and communication technologies.