Probing the global 21-cm background by velocity-induced dipole and quadrupole anisotropies

Abstract

The motion of an observer in the rest frame of the cosmic 21-cm background induces an anisotropy in the observed background, even when the background is isotropic. The induced anisotropy includes a dipole and a quadrupole, in the order decreasing in amplitude. If observed, these multipole anisotropies can be used as additional probes of the spectral shape of the global 21-cm background for mitigating the ambiguity in the monopole spectrum probed by single-element radio telescopes such as EDGES and SARAS. This could also help with understanding the astrophysical and cosmological processes that occurred during the cosmic dawn and the epoch of reionization, and even improving on the estimation of the solar velocity and the foreground spectra. Here, we study the feasibility of such observations and present science drivers for the measurement of the 21-cm dipole and quadrupole.