Suggestions of decreasing dark energy from supernova and BAO data

Abstract

The potential energy from a time-dependent scalar field provides a possible explanation for the observed cosmic acceleration. In this paper, we investigate how data from supernova and bary acoustic oscillation surveys constrain the possible evolution of a single scalar field over the period of time (roughly half the age of the universe) for which these data are available. Taking a linear approximation to the scalar potential $V(\phi) = V_0 + V_1 \phi$ around the present value, a likelihood analysis appears to significantly prefer models with a decreasing potential energy at present, with approximately $99.99 \%$ of the $\exp(-\chi^2/2)$ distribution having $V_1 > 0$ in a convention where $\dot{\phi} \le 0$ at present. The models favoured by the distribution typically have an order one decrease $\langle |{\rm Range}[V(\phi(t))] / V(t_0)| \rangle \approx 0.36$ in the scalar potential energy over the time frame corresponding to $z < 2$. According to the likelihood analysis, the $\Lambda$CDM model with no variation in dark energy appears to be significantly disfavoured in the context of the linear potential model, but this should be interpreted cautiously since model selection criteria that make use of $\Delta \chi^2$ while ignoring parameter space volumes still favour $\Lambda$CDM. Working with a second order approximation to the potential, the supernova data can be fit well for a wide range of possible potentials, including models where the universe has already stopped accelerating.