Multi-Unitary Complex Hadamard Matrices

Abstract

We analyze the set of real and complex Hadamard matrices with additional symmetry constrains. In particular, we link the problem of existence of maximally entangled multipartite states of $2k$ subsystems with $d$ levels each to the set of complex Hadamard matrices of order $N=d^k$. To this end, we investigate possible subsets of such matrices which are, dual, strongly dual ($H=H^{\rm R}$ or $H=H^{\rm\Gamma}$), two-unitary ($H^R$ and $H^{\Gamma}$ are unitary), or $k$-unitary. Here $X^{\rm R}$ denotes reshuffling of a matrix $X$ describing a bipartite system, and $X^{\rm \Gamma}$ its partial transpose. Such matrices find several applications in quantum many-body theory, tensor networks and classification of multipartite quantum entanglement and imply a broad class of analytically solvable quantum models in $1+1$ dimensions.