Number-theory renormalization of vacuum energy

Abstract

For QFT on a lattice of dimension d>=3, the vacuum energy (both bosonic and fermionic) is zero if the Hamiltonian is a function of the square of the momentum, and the calculation of the vacuum energy is performed in the ring of residue classes modulo N. This fact is related to a problem from number theory about the number of ways to represent a number as a sum of $d$ squares in the ring of residue classes modulo N.