Study on the Contribution of Positronium and $\pi^{0}$ Mesons to Casimir Force

Abstract

There is a Casimir force between two metal plates. It is generally believed that the Casimir force is mediated by virtual photons in a vacuum, which correspond to the massless intermediate particles used in our theoretical calculations. Studies have shown that not only virtual photons in a vacuum, but also other virtual particles that have masses. The lightest chargeless virtual particles with mass are positronium (1 MeV) and $\pi^{0}$ mesons (135 MeV). This paper primarily focuses on studying the corrections to the Casimir force caused by positronium and $\pi^{0}$ mesons. Especially when the distance between the two plates is on the order of $1/m_{positronium}$ , the contribution of positronium becomes significant, and on the order of $1/m_{\pi^0}$ , the contribution of the $\pi^{0}$ meson becomes significant. We hope that the calculation results can reduce the error in the theoretical calculation of the Casimir force when the distance between the plates is large and provide significant corrections when the distance is small.