How Generalizable are Deepfake Image Detectors? An Empirical Study

Abstract

Deepfakes are becoming increasingly credible, posing a significant threat given their potential to facilitate fraud or bypass access control systems. This has motivated the development of deepfake detection methods, in which deep learning models are trained to distinguish between real and synthesized footage. Unfortunately, existing detectors struggle to generalize to deepfakes from datasets they were not trained on, but little work has been done to examine why or how this limitation can be addressed. Especially, those single-modality deepfake images reveal little available forgery evidence, posing greater challenges than detecting deepfake videos. In this work, we present the first empirical study on the generalizability of deepfake detectors, an essential goal for detectors to stay one step ahead of attackers. Our study utilizes six deepfake datasets, five deepfake image detection methods, and two model augmentation approaches, confirming that detectors do not generalize in zero-shot settings. Additionally, we find that detectors are learning unwanted properties specific to synthesis methods and struggling to extract discriminative features, limiting their ability to generalize. Finally, we find that there are neurons universally contributing to detection across seen and unseen datasets, suggesting a possible path towards zero-shot generalizability.