A dependence of binary and planetary system destruction on subtle variations in the substructure in young star-forming regions

Abstract

Simulations of the effects of stellar fly-bys on planetary systems in star-forming regions show a strong dependence on subtle variations in the initial spatial and kinematic substructure of the regions. For similar stellar densities, the more substructured star-forming regions disrupt up to a factor of two more planetary systems. We extend this work to look at the effects of substructure on stellar binary populations. We present $N$-body simulations of substructured, and non-substructured (smooth) star-forming regions in which we place different populations of stellar binaries. We find that for binary populations that are dominated by close ($<$100au) systems, a higher proportion are destroyed in substructured regions. However, for wider systems ($>$100au), a higher proportion are destroyed in smooth regions. The difference is likely due to the hard-soft, or fast-slow boundary for binary destruction. Hard (fast/close) binaries are more likely to be destroyed in environments with a small velocity dispersion (kinematically substructured regions), whereas soft (slow/wide) binaries are more likely to be destroyed in environments with higher velocity dispersions (non-kinematically substructured regions). Due to the vast range of stellar binary semimajor axes in star-forming regions ($10^{-2} - 10^4$au) these differences are small and hence unlikely to be observable. However, planetary systems have a much smaller initial semimajor axis range (likely $\sim$1 -- 100au for gas giants) and here the difference in the fraction of companions due to substructure could be observed if the star-forming regions that disrupt planetary systems formed with similar stellar densities.