Ramsey interferometry in three-level and five-level systems of $^{87}Rb$ Bose-Einstein condensates

Abstract

Our work here presents the analytical expressions for a typical Ramsey interferometric sequence for a three- and a five-level system. The analytical expressions are derived starting from the first principals of unitary time evolution operators. We focus on the three- and five-level systems because we propose a novel Ramsey interferometer created by a trapped two-state Bose-Einstein Condensate driven by dipole oscillations and gravitational sag. It involves the $^{87}Rb$ atoms in states $\vert F=2, m_F=+2 \rangle$ $(\vert +2 \rangle)$ and $\vert F=2, m_F=+1 \rangle$ $(\vert +1 \rangle)$ of the $5 ^2S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ ground state. Though the interferometer focusses on the two-levels, the experimental readouts involve all the five states in $F = 2$ hyperfine manifold. Therefore, the analytical derivation was first tested for three-levels and then expanded to five-levels. We developed the expressions for five-levels for greater analytical accuracy of the experimental scenario. This work provides a step-by-step outline for the derivation and methodology for the analytical expressions. These analytical formulae denote the population variation during Rabi and Ramsey oscillations for each state as well as the overall average for both the three- and five-level cases. The expressions are derived within the rotating wave approximation (RWA) under the equal Rabi condition. Further, by following the derivation methodology, these analytical expressions can be easily expanded for Ramsey sequences with unequal pulses, and Ramsey sequences with spin echo techniques.