Double Clipping: Less-Biased Variance Reduction in Off-Policy Evaluation

Abstract

"Clipping" (a.k.a. importance weight truncation) is a widely used variance-reduction technique for counterfactual off-policy estimators. Like other variance-reduction techniques, clipping reduces variance at the cost of increased bias. However, unlike other techniques, the bias introduced by clipping is always a downward bias (assuming non-negative rewards), yielding a lower bound on the true expected reward. In this work we propose a simple extension, called $\textit{double clipping}$, which aims to compensate this downward bias and thus reduce the overall bias, while maintaining the variance reduction properties of the original estimator.