At the borderline of shape coexistence: Mo and Ru

Abstract

Background Even-even isotopes of Mo ($Z=42$) and Ru ($Z=44$) are nuclei close to the subshell closure at $Z=40$, where shape coexistence plays a significant role. As a result, their spectroscopic properties are expected to resemble those of Sr ($Z=38$) and Zr ($Z=40$). Exploring the evolution of these properties as they move away from the subshell closure is of great interest. Purpose The purpose of this study is to reproduce the spectroscopic properties of even-even $^{96-110}_{\phantom{961-}42}$Mo and $^{98-114}_{\phantom{961-}44}$Ru isotopes and to determine the influence of shape coexistence. Method We have employed the interacting boson model with configuration mixing as the framework to calculate all the observables for Mo and Ru isotopes. We have considered two types of configurations: 0-particle-0-hole and 2-particle-2-hole excitations. The model parameters have been determined using a least-squares fitting to match the excitation energies and the $B(E2)$ transition rates. Results We have obtained the excitation energies, $B(E2)$ values, two-neutron separation energies, nuclear radii, and isotope shifts for the entire chain of isotopes. Our theoretical results have shown good agreement with experimental data. Furthermore, we have conducted a detailed analysis of the wave functions and obtained the mean-field energy surfaces and the nuclear deformation parameter, $\beta$, for all considered isotopes. Conclusions Our findings reveal that shape coexistence plays a significant role in Mo isotopes, with the crossing of intruder and regular configurations occurring at neutron number $60$ ($A=102$), which induces a quantum phase transition. In contrast, in Ru isotopes, the intruder states have minimal influence, remaining at higher energies. However, at neutron number $60$, also a quantum phase transition occurs in Ru isotopes.