On level line fluctuations of SOS surfaces above a wall

Abstract

We study the low temperature $(2+1)$D Solid-On-Solid model on $[[1, L ]]^2$ with zero boundary conditions and nonnegative heights (a floor at height $0$). Caputo et al. (2016) established that this random surface typically admits either $\mathfrak h $ or $\mathfrak h+1$ many nested macroscopic level line loops $\{\mathcal L_i\}_{i\geq 0}$ for an explicit $\mathfrak h\asymp \log L$, and its top loop $\mathcal L_0$ has cube-root fluctuations: e.g., if $\rho(x)$ is the vertical displacement of $\mathcal L_0$ from the bottom boundary point $(x,0)$, then $\max \rho(x) = L^{1/3+o(1)}$ over $x\in I_0:=L/2+[[-L^{2/3},L^{2/3}]]$. It is believed that rescaling $\rho$ by $L^{1/3}$ and $I_0$ by $L^{2/3}$ would yield a limit law of a diffusion on $[-1,1]$. However, no nontrivial lower bound was known on $\rho(x)$ for a fixed $x\in I_0$ (e.g., $x=\frac L2$), let alone on $\min\rho(x)$ in $I_0$, to complement the bound on $\max\rho(x)$. Here we show a lower bound of the predicted order $L^{1/3}$: for every $\epsilon>0$ there exists $\delta>0$ such that $\min_{x\in I_0} \rho(x) \geq \delta L^{1/3}$ with probability at least $1-\epsilon$. The proof relies on the Ornstein--Zernike machinery due to Campanino-Ioffe-Velenik, and a result of Ioffe, Shlosman and Toninelli (2015) that rules out pinning in Ising polymers with modified interactions along the boundary. En route, we refine the latter result into a Brownian excursion limit law, which may be of independent interest. We further show that in a $ K L^{2/3}\times K L^{2/3}$ box with boundary conditions $\mathfrak h-1,\mathfrak h,\mathfrak h,\mathfrak h$ (i.e., $\mathfrak h-1$ on the bottom side and $\mathfrak h$ elsewhere), the limit of $\rho(x)$ as $K,L\to\infty$ is a Ferrari--Spohn diffusion.