Out-of-Equilibrium Fluctuation-Dissipation Bounds

Abstract

We prove a general inequality between the charge current and its fluctuations valid for any non-interacting coherent electronic conductor and for any stationary out-of-equilibrium condition, thereby going beyond established fluctuation-dissipation relations. The developed fluctuation-dissipation bound saturates at large temperature bias and reveals additional insight for heat engines, since it limits the output power by power fluctuations. It is valid when the thermodynamic uncertainty relations break down due to quantum effects and provides stronger constraints close to thermovoltage.