Exact Ground States and Phase Diagram of the Quantum Compass Model under an in-plane Field

Abstract

We consider the square lattice $S$=1/2 quantum compass model (QCM) parameterized by $J_x, J_z$, under a field, $\mathbf{h}$, in the $x$-$z$ plane. At the special field value, $(h_x^\star,h_z^\star)$=$2S(J_x,J_z)$, we show that the QCM Hamiltonian may be written in a form such that two simple product states can be identified as exact ground-states, below a gap. Exact excited states can also be found. The exact product states are characterized by a staggered vector chirality, attaining a non-zero value in the surrounding phase. The resulting gapped phase, which we denote by $SVC$ occupies most of the in-plane field phase diagram. For some values of $h_x>h_z$ and $h_z>h_x$ at the edges of the phase diagram, we have found transitions between the $SVC$ phase and phases of weakly-coupled Ising-chain states, $Z$ and $X$. In zero field, the QCM is known to have an emergent sub-extensive ground-state degeneracy. As the field is increased from zero, we find that this degeneracy is partially lifted, resulting in bond-oriented spin-stripe states, $L$ and $R$, which are each separated from one another and the $SVC$ phase by first-order transitions. Our findings are important for understanding the field dependent phase diagram of materials with predominantly directionally-dependent Ising interactions.