Ferroelectricity in crystals with non-polar point groups

Abstract

Ferroelectric crystals must adopt one of the 10 polar point groups according to the Neumann's principle. In this paper we propose that this conclusion is based on perfect bulk crystals without taking the boundaries into account, and we show first-principles evidence that ferroelectric polarizations may also be formed in some non-polar point groups as the edges generally break the crystal symmetry, which may even maintain at macroscale. They can be switchable in some systems with weak van der Waals bondings or covalent-like ionic bondings where long ion displacements with moderate barriers are possible. Such unconventional ferroelectricity violates the Neumann's principle and Abrahams' conditions respectively due to the boundaries and long ion displacements, which may explain some unclarified phenomena reported previously as well as significantly expand the scope of ferroelectrics.