Heavy-dense QCD, sign optimization and Lefschetz thimbles

Abstract

We study the heavy-dense limit of QCD on the lattice with heavy quarks at high density. The effective three dimensional theory has a sign problem which is alleviated by sign optimization where the path integration domain is deformed in complex space in a way that minimizes the phase oscillations. We simulate the theory via a Hybrid-Monte-Carlo, for different volumes, both to leading order and next-to-next-to leading order in the hopping expansion, and show that sign optimization successfully mitigates the sign problem at large enough volumes where usual re-weighting methods fail. Finally we show that there is a significant overlap between the complex manifold generated by sign optimization and the Lefschetz thimbles associated with the theory.