Kustaanheimo-Stiefel Transformation, Birkhoff-Waldvogel Transformation and Integrable Mechanical Billiards

Abstract

The three-dimensional Kepler problem is related to the four-dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillators by the Kustaanheimo-Stiefel Transformations. In the first part of this paper, we study how certain integrable mechanical billiards are related by this transformation. This in part illustrates the rotation-invariance of integrable reflection walls in the three-dimensional Kepler billiards found till so far. The second part of this paper deals with Birkhoff-Waldvogel's Transformation of the three-dimensional problem with two Kepler centers. In particular, we establish an analogous theory of Levi-Civita planes for Birkhoff-Waldvogel's Transformation and showed the integrability of certain three-dimensional 2-center billiards via a different approach.