Distributionally Robust Evaluation for Real-Time Flexibility of Electric Vehicles Considering Uncertain Departure Behavior and State-of-Charge

Abstract

Accurately evaluating the real-time flexibility of electric vehicles (EVs) is necessary for EV aggregators to offer ancillary services. However, regulation-caused uncertain state-of-charge and random departure behavior complicate the evaluation and badly impact the evaluation accuracy. To resolve this issue, this letter proposes a distributionally robust real-time flexibility evaluation model that formulates the uncertain departure behavior and state-of-charge of EVs in an online updating pattern. Thanks to dualization, this model can be efficiently solved via off-the-shelf solvers. Case studies validate the superiority of the proposed method and its scalability regarding EV numbers.