Complete verification of strong BSD for many modular abelian surfaces over $\mathbf{Q}$

Abstract

We develop the theory and algorithms necessary to be able to verify the strong Birch--Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture for absolutely simple modular abelian varieties over $\mathbf{Q}$. We apply our methods to all 28 Atkin--Lehner quotients of $X_0(N)$ of genus $2$, all 97 genus $2$ curves from the LMFDB whose Jacobian is of this type and six further curves originally found by Wang. We are able to verify the strong BSD Conjecture unconditionally and exactly in all these cases; this is the first time that strong BSD has been confirmed for absolutely simple abelian varieties of dimension at least $2$. We also give an example where we verify that the order of the Tate--Shafarevich group is $7^2$ and agrees with the order predicted by the BSD Conjecture.