Fibre-integrated van der Waals quantum sensor with an optimal cavity interface

Abstract

Integrating quantum materials with fibre optics adds advanced functionalities to a variety of applications, and introduces fibre-based quantum devices such as remote sensors capable of probing multiple physical parameters. However, achieving optimal integration between quantum materials and fibres is challenging, particularly due to difficulties in fabrication of quantum elements with suitable dimensions and an efficient photonic interface to a commercial optical fibre. Here we demonstrate a new modality for a fibre-integrated van der Waals quantum sensor. We design and fabricate a hole-based circular Bragg grating cavity from hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), engineer optically active spin defects within the cavity, and integrate the cavity with an optical fibre using a deterministic pattern transfer technique. The fibre-integrated hBN cavity enables efficient excitation and collection of optical signals from spin defects in hBN, thereby enabling all-fibre integrated quantum sensors. Moreover, we demonstrate remote sensing of a ferromagnetic material and of arbitrary magnetic fields. All in all, the hybrid fibre-based quantum sensing platform may pave the way to a new generation of robust, remote, multi-functional quantum sensors.