Peak energy--Isotropic Luminosity Correlation and Jet Opening Angle Evolution in Swift-BAT Short GRBs with Soft Tail Emission

Abstract

Some short gamma-ray bursts (SGRBs) exhibit a short duration and spectral hard emission (referred to as a "hard spike") followed by a slightly longer soft emission (known as a "soft tail"). We identified nine SGRBs with known redshift in the \textit{Swift}/BAT gamma-ray burst catalog by specifically searching for the soft tail. We found that spectra of these SGRBs can be described as a cutoff power-law model for both hard spike and soft tail, and both show time variation keeping the $E_{\rm peak}$--$L_{\rm iso}$ correlation. This suggests that the emission mechanism of both phenomena is identical. Furthermore, we found a trend of luminosity evolution as a function of redshift. This phenomenon suggests that these bursts originate from sources that have intrinsically bright and/or energy density concentrated within a narrower jet at higher redshift. We demonstrate that the average jet opening angle, derived from the jet break, can be explained by considering a model based on a strongly redshift-dependent jet opening angle.