Anomaly of Subsystem Symmetries in Exotic and Foliated $BF$ Theories

Abstract

We study the mixed 't Hooft anomaly of the subsystem symmetries in the exotic $BF$ theory and the foliated $BF$ theory in 2+1 dimensions, both of which are fractonic quantum field theories describing the equivalent physics. In the anomaly inflow mechanism, the 't Hooft anomaly of the subsystem symmetries can be canceled by combining a subsystem symmetry-protected topological (SSPT) phase in one dimension higher. In this work, we construct the exotic and foliated $BF$ theories with background gauge fields, and the exotic and foliated forms of the SSPT phases using the foliated-exotic duality. In the foliated form, we see that the non-topological defect that describes a fracton can be viewed as a symmetry-like operator. We also newly construct the foliated and exotic SSPT phases with different foliation structures via the foliated-exotic duality. We can show that the SSPT phases with different foliation structures cancel the same anomaly. This may provide a clue to the characterization of the 't Hooft anomaly of subsystem symmetries.