Minimizing the Minimizers via Alphabet Reordering

Abstract

Minimizers sampling is one of the most widely-used mechanisms for sampling strings [Roberts et al., Bioinformatics 2004]. Let $S=S[1]\ldots S[n]$ be a string over a totally ordered alphabet $\Sigma$. Further let $w\geq 2$ and $k\geq 1$ be two integers. The minimizer of $S[i\mathinner{.\,.} i+w+k-2]$ is the smallest position in $[i,i+w-1]$ where the lexicographically smallest length-$k$ substring of $S[i\mathinner{.\,.} i+w+k-2]$ starts. The set of minimizers over all $i\in[1,n-w-k+2]$ is the set $\mathcal{M}_{w,k}(S)$ of the minimizers of $S$. We consider the following basic problem: Given $S$, $w$, and $k$, can we efficiently compute a total order on $\Sigma$ that minimizes $|\mathcal{M}_{w,k}(S)|$? We show that this is unlikely by proving that the problem is NP-hard for any $w\geq 2$ and $k\geq 1$. Our result provides theoretical justification as to why there exist no exact algorithms for minimizing the minimizers samples, while there exists a plethora of heuristics for the same purpose.