Probabilistic Construction of Kakeya-Type Sets in $\mathbb{R}^2$ associated to separated sets of directions

Abstract

We provide a condition on a set of directions $\Omega \subset \mathbb{S}^1$ ensuring that the associated directional maximal operator $M_\Omega$ is unbounded on $L^p(\mathbb{R}^2)$ for every $1 \leq p < \infty$. The techniques of proof extend ideas of Bateman and Katz involving probabilistic construction of Kakeya-type sets involving sticky maps and Bernoulli percolation.