Traveling Fronts and the Smoothing of the Collective-Motion Phase Transition in Vibrated Polar Disks

Abstract

One of the most well known features of active matter is the tendencey of self-propelled particles to undergo system-wide collective motion. With low enough rotational noise or high enough global density, these systems spontaneously break symmetry and transition to a state with nonzero net momentum. The transition is currently understood as discontinuous, with phase coexistence manifesting in terms of dense travelling bands propagating through a dilute background. Here we show that the phase transition appears continuous in experiments with a system of hundreds of polar vibrated disks, and compare the fluctuations in this system to the traveling bands that are present in larger systems. We argue that this difference is due to finite size effects, which are often considered an artifact of simulations in studies with equilibrium systems, but that are of fundamental importance in many systems of self-propelled particles such as those composed of living individuals.