Explicit Hamiltonian representations of meromorphic connections and duality from different perspectives: a case study

Abstract

In this article, we present an explicit study of $\hbar$-deformed meromorphic connections in $\mathfrak{gl}_3(\mathbb{C})$ with an unramified irregular pole at infinity of order $r_\infty=3$ and its spectral dual corresponding to the $\mathfrak{gl}_2(\mathbb{C})$ Painlev\'{e} IV Lax pair. Using the apparent singularities and their dual partners on the spectral curves as Darboux coordinates, we obtain the Hamiltonian evolutions, the reduction of these evolutions to a single non-trivial direction, the Jimbo-Miwa-Ueno tau-functions, the fundamental symplectic two-forms and the associated Hermitian matrix models on both sides. We then prove that the spectral duality connecting both sides extends to all these aspects, providing an explicit illustration of the generalized Harnad duality. We finally propose a conjecture relating the Jimbo-Miwa-Ueno differential as the $\hbar=0$ evaluation of the Hamiltonian differential in these Darboux coordinates that could provide insights on the geometric interpretation of the $\hbar$ formal parameter. As a byproduct we also obtain a rank $3$ Lax pair for the Painlev\'{e} IV equation.