Influence of Pseudo-Jahn-Teller Activity on the Singlet-Triplet Gap of Azaphenalenes

Abstract

We analyze the possibility of symmetry-lowering induced by pseudo-Jahn--Teller interactions in six previously studied azaphenalenes that are known to have their first excited singlet state (S$_1$) lower in energy than the triplet state (T$_1$). The primary aim of this study is to explore whether Hund's rule violation is observed in these molecules when their structures are distorted from $C_{\rm 2v}$ or $D_{\rm 3h}$ point group symmetries by vibronic coupling. Along two interatomic distances connecting these point groups to their subgroups $C_{\rm s}$ or $C_{\rm 3h}$, we relaxed the other internal degrees of freedom and calculated two-dimensional potential energy subsurfaces. The many-body perturbation theory (MP2) suggests that the high-symmetry structures are the energy minima for all six systems. However, single-point energy calculations using the coupled-cluster method (CCSD(T)) indicate symmetry lowering in four cases. The singlet-triplet energy gap plotted on the potential energy surface also shows variations when deviating from high-symmetry structures. A full geometry optimization at the CCSD(T) level with the cc-pVTZ basis set reveals that the $D_{\rm 3h}$ structure of cyclazine (1AP) is a saddle point, connecting two equivalent minima of $C_{\rm 3h}$ symmetry undergoing rapid automerization. The combined effects of symmetry lowering and high-level corrections result in a nearly zero singlet-triplet gap for the $C_{\rm 3h}$ structure of cyclazine. Azaphenalenes containing nitrogen atoms at electron-deficient sites -- 2AP, 3AP, and 4AP -- exhibit more pronounced in-plane structural distortion; the effect is captured by the long-range exchange-interaction corrected DFT method, $\omega$B97XD. Excited state calculations of these systems indicate that in their low-symmetry energy minima, T$_1$ is indeed lower in energy than S$_1$, upholding the validity of Hund's rule.