Lattice points inside a random shifted integer polygon

Abstract

Consider a convex body $C \subset \mathbb{R}^d$. Let $X$ be a random point with uniform distribution in $[0,1]^d$. Consider the value $X_C$ equal to the number of lattice points $\mathbb Z^d$ inside the body $C$ shifted by $X$. It is well known that $\mathbb E X_C = \mathrm{vol}(C)$. The question arises: what can be said about the variance of this random variable? This paper answers this question in the case when $C$ is a polygon with vertices at integer points. Moreover, an explicit distribution of $X_T$ is given for the integer triangle $T$.