The vanishing of heat capacity as thermodynamic third law implies existence of singular systems

Abstract

A corollary of the third law of thermodynamics is that the heat capacities of a system approach zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero Kevin. Many have attempted to take the corollary as the third law, but two counterexamples has been constructed explicitly. We present a theorem that the vanishing of heat capacity as the third law implies an existence of singular systems, and two known counterexamples are illustrations of the theorem.