Overcoming the Thermal-Noise Limit of Microwave Measurements by Pre-cooling with an Active Cold Load

Abstract

We introduce a method, which we here name ``active pre-cooling'' (APC), for removing, just prior to performing a measurement, a large fraction of the deleterious thermal photons that would otherwise occupy the electromagnetic modes of a microwave cavity or some alternative form of radio-frequency resonator. The removal is achieved by temporarily over-coupling the cavity's modes to an active cold load (ACL). We report a room-temperature bench-top demonstration of the method, where this load takes the form of the input of a commercial low-noise amplifier (LNA). No isolator is inserted between the LNA's input and the cavity's coupling port. The noise temperature of a monitored microwave mode drops to 123 K. Upon incorporating our pre-coolable cavity into a time-resolved (tr-) EPR spectrometer, a commensurate improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio is observed, corresponding to a factor-of-5 speed up over a conventional tr-EPR measurement at room temperature for the same precision and/or sensitivity. Modeling indicates the feasibility, for realistic mode quality factors and couplings, of cooling the room-temperature cavity's modes down to a few tens of K, and for this coldness to last several tens of microseconds, whilst the cavity and its contents are optimally interrogated by a microwave tone or pulse sequence. The method thus provides a simple and generally applicable approach to improving the sensitivity and/or read-out speed in pulsed and time-resolved EPR spectroscopy, quantum detection and other radiometric measurements. It provides a first-stage cold reservoir (of microwave photons) for other, deeper cooling methods to work from and, through the use of cryogenic ACLs (realized, in the first instance, as the inputs of existing cryogenic low-noise amplifiers), the method could itself be directly extended to lower temperature regimes.