Tracing cosmic stretch marks: probing scale invariance in the early Universe

Abstract

This paper investigates a scale-invariant inflationary model characterized by a scalar field non-minimally coupled to gravity and a curvature term quadratic in the Ricci scalar. The model's dynamic is analyzed using a full numerical solution of the two-field system, going beyond previous analytical studies. We derive robust constraints on the model parameters using the latest Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) data from Planck and BICEP/Keck. The study confirms that scale-invariance effectively reduces the system to single-field dynamics, eliminating entropy perturbations and ensuring stability. Key predictions include a minimal level of primordial gravitational waves with a tensor-to-scalar ratio r > 0.003, which upcoming CMB experiments are well-positioned to test. The model is compared to Starobinsky and $\alpha$ - attractor inflation, with future observations of tensor modes offering a potential discriminator between them. Overall, the results suggest that scale-invariant inflation is a viable and competitive framework for explaining early universe dynamics and predicting cosmological observables.