Free boundary regularity for semilinear variational problems with a topological constraint

Abstract

We study a class of semilinear free boundary problems in which admissible functions $u$ have a topological constraint, or spanning condition, on their 1-level set. This constraint forces $\{u=1\}$, which is the free boundary, to behave like a surface with some special types of singularities attached to a fixed boundary frame, in the spirit of the Plateau problem \cite{HP16}. Two such free boundary problems are the minimization of capacity among surfaces sharing a common boundary and an Allen-Cahn formulation of the Plateau problem. We establish the existence of minimizers and study their regularity properties, obtaining the optimal Lipschitz regularity of minimizers and analytic regularity for the free boundaries away from a codimension two singular set. The singularity models for these problems are given by conical critical points of the minimal capacity problem, which are closely related to spectral optimal partition and segregation problems.