Classification of the Discrete Symmetries for the Four-Higgs-Doublet Model

Abstract

The multi-Higgs model (NHDM) is a class of new physics models that go beyond the Standard Model with fewer assumptions, namely by postulating the existence of multiple Higgs doublets, while yielding a rich phenomenology. Among them, the Four-Higgs-Doublet model (4HDM) has attracted increasing attention in recent years, with nearly a hundred papers dedicated to its study. Scientists have attempted to use it to explain many phenomena that the Standard Model cannot account for, such as dark matter, fermion mass hierarchies, neutrino masses, cosmological phase transitions, and cosmic strings, among others. In these efforts, imposing finite symmetries on the 4HDM is a standard procedure, because finite symmetries are central to explaining many physical phenomena, such as dark matter, and can also constrain excessively large parameter spaces technically. Therefore, given the recent attention to 4HDM and the importance of finite symmetries in model building, it is crucial from a mathematical perspective to classify all possible finite symmetries, as the classification results can guide model construction and phenomenological studies. So far, two scenarios of discrete symmetries of 4HDM have been classified, but there are still cases that haven't been studied. During our study, we found out situations that have never appeared in 2HDM or 3HDM, and we developed many new techniques to help us handle the difficulties. Therefore, before any further progresses are made towards a full classification, it is timely to revisit the current progress of 4HDM discrete symmetry classification in a beginner-friendly manner, and to provide a look towards future research.