A variant of \v{S}emrl's preserver theorem for singular matrices

Abstract

For positive integers $1 \leq k \leq n$ let $M_n$ be the algebra of all $n \times n$ complex matrices and $M_n^{\le k}$ its subset consisting of all matrices of rank at most $k$. We first show that whenever $k>\frac{n}{2}$, any continuous spectrum-shrinking map $\phi : M_n^{\le k} \to M_n$ (i.e. $\mathrm{sp}(\phi(X)) \subseteq \mathrm{sp}(X)$ for all $X \in M_n^{\le k}$) either preserves characteristic polynomials or takes only nilpotent values. Moreover, for any $k$ there exists a real analytic embedding of $M_n^{\le k}$ into the space of $n\times n$ nilpotent matrices for all sufficiently large $n$. This phenomenon cannot occur when $\phi$ is injective and either $k > n - \sqrt{n}$ or the image of $\phi$ is contained in $M_n^{\le k}$. We then establish a main result of the paper -- a variant of \v{S}emrl's preserver theorem for $M_n^{\le k}$: if $n \geq 3$, any injective continuous map $\phi :M_n^{\le k} \to M_n^{\le k}$ that preserves commutativity and shrinks spectrum is of the form $\phi(\cdot)=T(\cdot)T^{-1}$ or $\phi(\cdot)=T(\cdot)^tT^{-1}$, for some invertible matrix $T\in M_n$. Moreover, when $k=n-1$, which corresponds to the set of singular $n\times n$ matrices, this result extends to maps $\phi$ which take values in $M_n$. Finally, we discuss the indispensability of assumptions in our main result.