Strong Lensing Effect and Quasinormal Modes of Oscillations of Black Holes in $\boldsymbol{f(R,T)}$ Gravity Theory

Abstract

In this work, we analyze the strong lensing phenomenon and quasinormal modes (QNMs) in the case of black holes (BHs) surrounded by fluids within the framework of $f(R,T)$ gravity, adopting a minimally coupled model of the theory. Our analysis is conducted for three surrounding fields corresponding to three different values of the parameter $\omega$ of the equations of state, each representing a unique class of BH solutions. A universal method developed by V.~Bozza is employed for strong lensing analysis and the WKB approximation method to compute the QNMs of oscillation of the BHs. The influences of the model parameters $\beta$ and $c_2$ on the deflection angle and associated lensing coefficients are analyzed. Our findings on lensing reveal that smaller values of $\beta$ and $c_2$ cause photon divergence at larger impact parameters as well as the lensing results converge to the Schwarzschild limit. Extending the analysis to the supermassive BH Sgr A*, we examine the outermost Einstein rings, estimate three lensing observables: angular position $\vartheta_{\infty}$, angular separation $s$ and relative magnification $r_\text{mag}$ for the BHs. For a specific values of $\beta$ and $c_2$, BHs with different field configurations exhibit substantial variations in their observable properties. The variation of amplitude and damping of QNMs with respect to the model parameter $\beta$ and $c_2$ is analyzed for the BHs. We found that the $\beta$ parameter has a direct correlation with the amplitude and an inverse relation with the damping of the QNMs, while $c_2$ has direct correlation with amplitude as well as damping. Further, we use the time domain analysis to verify the results and found a good match between the two methods.