Null tests with Gaussian Process

Abstract

We investigate the null tests of spatial flatness and the flat $\Lambda$CDM model using the Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) data measured by the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), the cosmic chronometers (CCH) $H(z)$ data, and the Union3 and Pantheon Plus type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) datasets. We propose a novel non-parametric reconstruction of $F_{AP}$, $D_M/r_d$ and $D'_M/r_d$ from the DESI BAO data to perform the $Ok$ diagnostic, and we also conduct the $Ok$ diagnostic using the combination of CCH and SNe Ia data. The novel method avoids the issue of the dependence on cosmological parameters such as the value of the Hubble constant. There is no evidence of deviation from the flat $\Lambda$CDM model, nor is there any indication of dynamical dark energy found in the observational data. Since we employ a non-parametric reconstruction method, all the conclusions drawn in this paper remain robust and agnostic to any cosmological model and gravitational theory.