Saddle-To-Saddle Dynamics in Deep ReLU Networks: Low-Rank Bias in the First Saddle Escape

Abstract

When a deep ReLU network is initialized with small weights, gradient descent (GD) is at first dominated by the saddle at the origin in parameter space. We study the so-called escape directions along which GD leaves the origin, which play a similar role as the eigenvectors of the Hessian for strict saddles. We show that the optimal escape direction features a low-rank bias in its deeper layers: the first singular value of the $\ell$-th layer weight matrix is at least $\ell^{\frac{1}{4}}$ larger than any other singular value. We also prove a number of related results about these escape directions. We suggest that deep ReLU networks exhibit saddle-to-saddle dynamics, with GD visiting a sequence of saddles with increasing bottleneck rank (Jacot, 2023).