Moving contact lines of power-law fluids: How nonlinear fluid rheology drastically alters stress singularity and dynamic wetting behavior

Abstract

Power-law fluids can strongly affect the degree of the contact line stress singularity and hence the nature of moving contact lines. We develop a framework beyond the classical paradigm for power-law fluids, providing a unified account for the distinct behaviors of the advancing contact lines. We show that the apparent dynamic contact angle $\theta_d$ can depend on the extent of the characteristic dissipation length $h^* \propto U_n/(n-1)$, altering its dependence on the contact line speed $U$. For shear-thinning fluids, we find $\theta_d \sim (h/h^*)^{(1-n)/3}$, with contact line motion being dissipated within $h^*$ extending beyond the local wedge height $h$ without requiring a cutoff. In drop spreading problems, $\theta_d$ varies with the spreading radius $R$, leading to $\theta_d \propto U^{3n/(2n+7)}$ consistent with the spreading law $R \propto t^{n/(3n+7)}$ derived from a self-similar solution, where $R$ is the spreading radius and $t$ is time. For shear-thickening fluids, the apparent contact line motion is characterized by $\theta_d \sim (h^*/h_m)^{(1-n)/3}$, where dissipation is concentrated within $h^*$ which is smaller than the microscopic liquid height $h_m$ near the contact line. In fact, the dynamic contact angle relationship in this case can be expressed as the Cox-Voinov law $\theta_d \sim Ca_{eff}^{1/3}$ in terms of a capillary number $Ca_{eff} =\eta_f U/\gamma$ where $\gamma$ is the surface tension and $\eta_f \propto (U/ h_m)^{n-1}$ is the viscosity based on the local shear rate $U/h_m$ across $h_m$. We also show that a precursor film induced by molecular forces ahead of the wedge leads to $h_m \propto U^{-n/(4-n)}$ and hence $\theta_d \propto U^{3n/(4-n)}$, making the spreading behavior highly sensitive to the contact line microstructure. Our predictions show good agreement with experimental results.