Statistical mechanics of fluids with hidden degrees of freedom

Abstract

Although coarse-grained models have been widely used to explain exotic phenomena in complex fluids, such as droplet formation in living cells, these conventional approaches often fail to capture the intricate microscopic degrees of freedom that such fluids inherently possess. In this study, we propose a model that incorporates distinct microscopic degrees of freedom and their interactions, without directly relying on conventional coarse-grained descriptions. By introducing two key assumptions, we show that the system can exhibit equilibrium states characterized by heterogeneous density profiles with finite length scales, resembling those typically associated with non-equilibrium phenomena. These findings highlight the importance of distinguishing between equilibrium states and non-equilibrium steady states in highly complex systems.