Matrix convex sets over the Euclidean ball and polar duals of real free spectrahedra

Abstract

We show that the free spectrahedron determined by universal anticommuting self-adjoint unitaries is not equal to the minimal matrix convex set over the ball in dimension three or higher. This example, as well as other matrix convex sets over the ball, then provides context for structure results on the extreme points of coordinate projections. In particular, we show that the free polar dual of a real free spectrahedron is rarely the projection of a real free spectrahedron, contrasting a prior result of Helton, Klep, and McCullough over the complexes. We use this to show that spanning results for free spectrahedra that are closed under complex conjugation do not extend to free spectrahedrops that meet the same assumption. These results further clarify the role of the coefficient field.