Finite groups with mostly involuted cyclic subgroups

Abstract

Let $G$ be a finite group, define $I(G)=\{x\in G : x^{2}=1\}$, $C(G)=$ set of the cyclic subgroups of $G$, $i(G)=|I(G)|$ and $c(G)=|C(G)|$. In this article, we will classify finite groups with $i(G)=c(G)-r$ for $r=0,1,$ and $2$. We also prove that the range of the function given by $\beta(G)=\frac{i(G)}{c(G)}$ is dense in $[0,1]$.